Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)

 Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)

Overview Hypertension is also referred to as high blood pressure and is defined as a longstanding increase in the blood pressure against the walls of arteries. This is one of the most prevalent cardiovascular diseases and one of the most significant risk factors leading to heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, and other ailments. Often referred to as a "silent killer", there are usually no warning symptoms associated with hypertension until damage has already occurred.

Definition

Hypertension is defined as a consistent elevation of arterial blood pressure. According to the American Heart Association (AHA), hypertension can be classified, as follows: Normal: less than 120/80 mmHg Elevated: Systolic 120-129 and diastolic less than 80 mmHg Stage 1 Hypertension: Systolic 130-139 or diastolic 80-89 mmHg Stage 2 Hypertension: Systolic ≥140 or diastolic ≥90 mmHg Types of Hypertension Primary (Essential) Hypertension Most common hypertension type (90-95% of cases) Develops over several years No identifiable direct cause Secondary Hypertension Due to an underlying medical condition Manifested quickly Some causes: Kidney disease Hormonal disorders (e.g. hyperthyroidism) Medications (e.g. NSAIDs, birth control) Obstructive sleep apnea Cause and Risk Factors Primary Hypertension Factors: Genetics/family history Age Poor diet (salt consumption, etc.) Obesity Physical inactivity Consuming too much alcohol Excessive stress Smoking Secondary Hypertension Causes: Chronic kidney disease Hormonal disorders (cancers of adrenal glands) Thyroid disorders