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Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)

Introduction

Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a medical condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is consistently too high. It is one of the most common cardiovascular disorders and a major risk factor for heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, and other health problems. Often called a "silent killer," hypertension typically presents no symptoms until significant damage has occurred.



Definition

Hypertension is defined as a sustained increase in arterial blood pressure. According to the American Heart Association (AHA), it is classified as:

  • Normal: Less than 120/80 mmHg

  • Elevated: Systolic 120–129 and diastolic less than 80 mmHg

  • Stage 1 Hypertension: Systolic 130–139 or diastolic 80–89 mmHg

  • Stage 2 Hypertension: Systolic ≥140 or diastolic ≥90 mmHg

Types of Hypertension

  1. Primary (Essential) Hypertension

    • Most common type (90–95% of cases)

    • Develops gradually over many years

    • No identifiable direct cause

  2. Secondary Hypertension

    • Caused by underlying medical conditions

    • Sudden onset

    • Possible causes include:

      • Kidney disease

      • Hormonal disorders (e.g., hyperthyroidism)

      • Certain medications (e.g., NSAIDs, birth control pills)

      • Obstructive sleep apnea

Causes and Risk Factors

Primary Hypertension:

  • Genetics/family history

  • Aging

  • Poor diet (especially high salt intake)

  • Obesity

  • Physical inactivity

  • Excessive alcohol consumption

  • Stress

  • Smoking

Secondary Hypertension Causes:

  • Chronic kidney disease

  • Adrenal gland tumors

  • Thyroid problems

  • Congenital heart defects

  • Certain drugs (e.g., steroids, decongestants)

Treatment and Management

  1. Lifestyle Modifications (First-line for most cases):

    • Diet: Low salt (DASH diet), reduce saturated fat

    • Exercise: Regular physical activity (at least 30 min/day)

    • Weight Loss: Especially important in overweight/obese patients

    • Limit Alcohol & Quit Smoking

    • Stress Management: Meditation, yoga, therapy

  2. Medications (as prescribed by a doctor):

    • Diuretics (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide)

    • ACE Inhibitors (e.g., enalapril, lisinopril)

    • ARBs (e.g., losartan)

    • Calcium Channel Blockers (e.g., amlodipine)

    • Beta-blockers (e.g., atenolol)

  3. Regular Monitoring:

    • Home BP checks

    • Periodic doctor visits           by drsalaam

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