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ANEMIA

1. Introduction Anemia is a common blood disorder that occurs when the body doesn’t have enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the body’s tissues. When there’s not enough oxygen, organs and tissues can't function properly. 2. Definition Anemia is defined as a condition in which the hemoglobin concentration in the blood is below normal , leading to reduced oxygen delivery to the body’s tissues. 3. Types of Anemia There are many types of anemia,include: a. Iron-deficiency anemia Caused by lack of iron, leading to decreased hemoglobin production. b. Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anemia Due to poor intake or absorption of vitamin B12 or folate. c. Aplastic anemia A rare condition where the bone marrow fails to produce enough blood cells. d. Hemolytic anemia Occurs when red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be replaced. e. Sickle cell anemia A genetic disorder where red blood ce...

respiratory system

Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)

Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) Overview Hypertension is also referred to as high blood pressure and is defined as a longstanding increase in the blood pressure against the walls of arteries . This is one of the most prevalent cardiovascular diseases and one of the most significant risk factors leading to heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, and other ailments . Often referred to as a "silent killer" , there are usually no warning symptoms associated with hypertension until damage has already occurred. Definition Hypertension is defined as a consistent elevation of arterial blood pressure. According to the American Heart Association (AHA), hypertension can be classified , as follows : Normal: less than 120/80 mmHg Elevated: Systolic 120 - 129 and diastolic less than 80 mmHg Stage 1 Hypertension: Systolic 130 - 139 or diastolic 80 - 89 mmHg Stage 2 Hypertension: Systolic ≥140 or diastolic ≥90 mmHg Types of H...

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